Muri 2019, ku isi isi ikoresha ibyuma bya peteroli byari toni miliyari 1.89, muri byo bigaragara ko Ubushinwa bwakoresheje ibyuma bya peteroli byari toni miliyoni 950, bingana na 50% by'isi yose.Muri 2019, Ubushinwa bwakoresheje ibyuma bya peteroli byageze ku rwego rwo hejuru, kandi bigaragara ko gukoresha ibyuma bya peteroli ku muntu byageze kuri kg 659.Duhereye ku bunararibonye bwiterambere ry’ibihugu byateye imbere mu Burayi no muri Amerika, igihe bigaragara ko ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bya peteroli kuri buri muntu rigeze kuri kg 500, urwego rwo gukoresha ruzagabanuka.Kubwibyo, birashobora guhanurwa ko urwego rw’Ubushinwa rukoresha ibyuma rugeze ku rwego rwo hejuru, ruzinjira mu gihe gihamye, kandi amaherezo icyifuzo kizagabanuka.Muri 2020, isi yose ikoreshwa n’umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli byari toni miliyari 1.89 na toni miliyari 1.88.Ibyuma bya peteroli byakozwe n'amabuye y'icyuma nkibikoresho nyamukuru byari hafi toni miliyari 1.31, byatwaye toni zigera kuri miliyari 2.33 z’amabuye y’icyuma, munsi gato ugereranije n’umusaruro wa toni miliyari 2,4 z’amabuye y'icyuma muri uwo mwaka.
Iyo usesenguye umusaruro wibyuma bya peteroli hamwe nogukoresha ibyuma byarangiye, isoko ryamabuye yicyuma arashobora kugaragara.Mu rwego rwo gufasha abasomyi kumva neza isano iri hagati yibi bitatu, iyi mpapuro ikora isesengura rigufi rivuye mu bintu bitatu: umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli ku isi, ibicuruzwa bigaragara ndetse n’uburyo bwo kugena amabuye y'agaciro ku isi.
Ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ku isi
Muri 2020, ibyuma bikomoka kuri peteroli ku isi byari toni miliyari 1.88.Ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva mu Bushinwa, Ubuhinde, Ubuyapani, Amerika, Uburusiya na Koreya yepfo byagize 56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% na 3,6% by’umusaruro rusange ku isi, hamwe n’ibyuma byose bya peteroli umusaruro w’ibihugu bitandatu wagize 77.5% by’umusaruro rusange ku isi.Muri 2020, umusaruro w'ibyuma bya peteroli ku isi wiyongereyeho 30.8% umwaka ushize.
Ubushinwa butanga ibyuma bya peteroli mu 2020 ni toni miliyari 1.065.Nyuma yo guca muri toni miliyoni 100 ku nshuro ya mbere mu 1996, umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli mu Bushinwa wageze kuri toni miliyoni 490 mu 2007, ukaba wikubye inshuro enye mu myaka 12, ugereranyije n’ubwiyongere buri mwaka bwa 14.2%.Kuva 2001 kugeza 2007, umuvuduko wubwiyongere bwumwaka wageze kuri 21.1%, ugera kuri 27.2% (2004).Nyuma ya 2007, yibasiwe n’ihungabana ry’amafaranga, imbogamizi z’umusaruro n’ibindi bintu, umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bw’umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli mu Bushinwa wagabanutse, ndetse ugaragaza iterambere ribi muri 2015. Kubera iyo mpamvu, dushobora kubona ko icyiciro cyihuta cy’icyuma cy’Ubushinwa na iterambere ryibyuma ryararangiye, iterambere ryigihe kizaza ni rito, kandi amaherezo hazabaho iterambere ribi.
Kuva mu mwaka wa 2010 kugeza 2020, umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bw’ibicuruzwa biva mu Buhinde byaje ku mwanya wa kabiri nyuma y’Ubushinwa, aho impuzandengo ya buri mwaka yiyongereyeho 3,8%;Ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga byarengeje toni miliyoni 100 ku nshuro ya mbere muri 2017, bibaye igihugu cya gatanu gifite ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva kuri toni zirenga miliyoni 100 mu mateka, kandi birenga Ubuyapani muri 2018, biza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi.
Amerika nicyo gihugu cya mbere gifite umusaruro wa buri mwaka toni miliyoni 100 z'ibyuma bya peteroli (toni zirenga miliyoni 100 z'ibyuma bya peteroli byagezweho ku nshuro ya mbere mu 1953), bigera kuri toni miliyoni 137 mu 1973, biza ku mwanya wa mbere kwisi ku bijyanye n’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga kuva 1950 kugeza 1972. Icyakora, kuva 1982, umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli muri Amerika wagabanutse, naho umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli muri 2020 ni toni miliyoni 72.7 gusa.
Isi igaragara ikoreshwa ryibyuma
Muri 2019, ku isi hose gukoresha ibyuma bya peteroli byari toni miliyari 1.89.Ikoreshwa ry'icyuma cya peteroli mu Bushinwa, Ubuhinde, Amerika, Amerika, Ubuyapani, Koreya y'Epfo n'Uburusiya byagize 50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% na 2.5% by'isi yose uko yakabaye.Muri 2019, ku isi hose ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bya peteroli ryiyongereyeho 52.7% mu mwaka wa 2009, aho impuzandengo y’ubwiyongere buri mwaka ya 4.3%.
Ubushinwa bugaragara ko bukoresha ibyuma bya peteroli muri 2019 bugera kuri toni miliyari imwe.Nyuma yo guca muri toni miliyoni 100 ku nshuro ya mbere mu 1993, bigaragara ko Ubushinwa bwakoresheje ibyuma bya peteroli bwageze kuri toni zirenga miliyoni 200 mu 2002, hanyuma bwinjira mu gihe cy’iterambere ryihuse, bugera kuri toni miliyoni 570 mu 2009, bwiyongera 179.2% ugereranije 2002 hamwe n'impuzandengo y'ubwiyongere bw'umwaka ya 15.8%.Nyuma ya 2009, kubera ikibazo cy’amafaranga no guhindura ubukungu, ubwiyongere bw’ibisabwa bwaragabanutse.Kuba Ubushinwa bukoresha ibyuma bya peteroli byagaragaje iterambere ribi muri 2014 na 2015, kandi bugaruka ku iterambere ryiza muri 2016, ariko iterambere ryadindije mu myaka yashize.
Ikigaragara cyo mu Buhinde cyakoresheje ibyuma bya peteroli mu 2019 cyari toni miliyoni 108.86, kirenga Amerika kandi kiza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi.Muri 2019, Ubuhinde bugaragara ko bukoresha ibyuma bya peteroli bwiyongereyeho 69.1% mu mwaka wa 2009, aho impuzandengo ya buri mwaka yiyongereyeho 5.4%, iza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi muri icyo gihe.
Amerika nicyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi bigaragara ko gukoresha ibyuma bya peteroli birenga toni miliyoni 100, kandi biza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi mu myaka myinshi.Ingaruka z’ihungabana ry’imari ryo mu 2008, bigaragara ko ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bya peteroli muri Amerika ryagabanutse cyane mu 2009, hafi 1/3 munsi ugereranije n’iryo muri 2008, toni miliyoni 69.4 gusa.Kuva mu 1993, bigaragara ko gukoresha ibyuma bya peteroli muri Amerika bitageze kuri toni miliyoni 100 gusa muri 2009 na 2010.
Isi kuri buri muntu bigaragara ko ikoresha ibyuma bitavanze
Muri 2019, ku isi bigaragara ko umuturage ukoresha ibyuma bya peteroli byari 245 kg.Umubare munini kuri buri muntu bigaragara ko ukoresha ibyuma bya peteroli ni Koreya yepfo (1082 kg / umuntu).Ibindi bihugu bikomeye bikoresha ibyuma bya peteroli bifite umubare munini w’umuturage bigaragara ko byakoreshejwe ni Ubushinwa (659 kg / umuntu), Ubuyapani (550 kg / umuntu), Ubudage (443 kg / umuntu), Turukiya (332 kg / umuntu), Uburusiya (322 kg / muntu) na Amerika (265 kg / umuntu).
Inganda ninzira abantu bahindura umutungo kamere mubutunzi rusange.Iyo ubutunzi mbonezamubano bwegeranije kurwego runaka kandi inganda zinjiye mugihe gikuze, impinduka zikomeye zizabaho muburyo bwubukungu, ikoreshwa ryibyuma bya peteroli nubutunzi bwamabuye y'agaciro bizatangira kugabanuka, kandi umuvuduko wo gukoresha ingufu nawo uzagabanuka.Kurugero, ikigaragara cyo gukoresha ibyuma bya peteroli kuri buri muntu muri Amerika cyagumye ku rwego rwo hejuru mu myaka ya za 70, kigera kuri kg 711 (1973).Kuva icyo gihe, bigaragara ko ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bya peteroli kuri buri muntu muri Amerika ryatangiye kugabanuka, aho byagabanutse cyane kuva mu myaka ya za 1980 kugeza 1990.Yaguye hasi (226kg) muri 2009 hanyuma isubira buhoro buhoro igera kuri 330 kg kugeza 2019.
Muri 2020, abatuye Ubuhinde, Amerika y'Epfo na Afurika bose bazaba miliyari 1.37, miliyoni 650 na miliyari 1.29, aho hazaba ariho hazazamuka cyane mu byuma bikenerwa mu gihe kiri imbere, ariko bizaterwa n'iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'ibihugu bitandukanye. Icyo gihe.
Uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro byamabuye yisi yose
Uburyo bwo kugena amabuye y'agaciro kwisi yose burimo ahanini ibiciro byigihe kirekire byamashyirahamwe hamwe nigiciro cyibipimo.Ibiciro byigihe kirekire byamashyirahamwe byahoze ari uburyo bwingenzi bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro kwisi.Intandaro yacyo ni uko itangwa n'ibisabwa mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bifunga ubwinshi bwo gutanga cyangwa kugura binyuze mu masezerano y'igihe kirekire.Ijambo muri rusange ni imyaka 5-10, cyangwa imyaka 20-30, ariko igiciro ntabwo cyagenwe.Kuva mu myaka ya za 1980, igipimo cyibiciro byuburyo bwigihe kirekire cyibiciro by’amashyirahamwe byahindutse biva ku giciro cyambere cya FOB kijya ku giciro gikunzwe hiyongereyeho ibicuruzwa byo mu nyanja.
Ingeso yo kugena ibiciro byigihe kirekire cyibiciro by’ishyirahamwe ni uko muri buri mwaka w’ingengo y’imari, abatanga amabuye akomeye ku isi baganira n’abakiriya babo bakomeye kugira ngo bamenye igiciro cy’amabuye y’umwaka utaha.Igiciro kimaze kugenwa, impande zombi zigomba kugishyira mubikorwa mugihe cyumwaka ukurikije igiciro cyumvikanyweho.Nyuma yuko ishyaka iryo ari ryo ryose risaba amabuye y'icyuma n'ishyaka iryo ari ryo ryose ritanga amabuye y'icyuma bumvikanye, imishyikirano izarangira, kandi igiciro mpuzamahanga cy'amabuye y'agaciro kizarangira guhera icyo gihe.Ubu buryo bwo kuganira nuburyo bwo "gutangira gukurikiza inzira".Igipimo cyibiciro ni FOB.Ubwiyongere bw'amabuye y'icyuma afite ubuziranenge ku isi yose ni kimwe, ni ukuvuga, “FOB, kwiyongera kimwe”.
Igiciro cy’amabuye y’icyuma mu Buyapani cyiganje ku isoko mpuzamahanga ry’amabuye y’icyuma muri toni 20 mu 1980 ~ 2001. Nyuma yo kwinjira mu kinyejana cya 21, inganda z’ibyuma n’ibyuma by’Ubushinwa zateye imbere kandi zitangira kugira uruhare runini ku itangwa ry’ibikenerwa n’amabuye y'agaciro ku isi. .umusaruro w'amabuye y'icyuma watangiye kutabasha guhura n’ubwiyongere bwihuse bw’ubushobozi bwo gukora ibyuma n’ibyuma ku isi, kandi ibiciro by’amabuye y’icyuma mpuzamahanga byatangiye kuzamuka cyane, bituma hashingirwaho “kugabanuka” uburyo bw’ibiciro by’amasezerano maremare.
Muri 2008, BHP, vale na Rio Tinto batangiye gushaka uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro bifasha inyungu zabo bwite.Nyuma yuko vale yumvikanye nigiciro cyambere, Rio Tinto yarwaniye kwiyongera kwonyine, kandi moderi "ikurikiranwa ryambere" yavunitse bwa mbere.Mu mwaka wa 2009, nyuma y’uruganda rukora ibyuma mu Buyapani na Koreya yepfo rwemeje “igiciro cyo gutangira” hamwe n’abacukuzi batatu bakomeye, Ubushinwa ntibwemeye kugabanuka kwa 33%, ariko bwagiranye amasezerano na FMG ku giciro gito.Kuva icyo gihe, icyitegererezo "gutangira gukurikira icyerekezo" cyarangiye kumugaragaro, kandi uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro bwabayeho.
Kugeza ubu, ibipimo by'amabuye y'icyuma byasohotse ku rwego mpuzamahanga birimo Platts iodex, indangagaciro ya TSI, mbio index hamwe n’igipimo cy’ibiciro by’amabuye y’Ubushinwa (ciopi).Kuva mu mwaka wa 2010, igipimo cya Platts cyatoranijwe na BHP, Vale, FMG na Rio Tinto nk'ishingiro ry’ibiciro mpuzamahanga by’amabuye y'agaciro.Indangantego ya mbio yashyizwe ahagaragara n’abongereza bamenyesha ibyuma muri Gicurasi 2009, ishingiye ku giciro cy’amabuye y'icyuma yo mu rwego rwa 62% ku cyambu cya Qingdao, mu Bushinwa (CFR).Icyegeranyo cya TSI cyashyizwe ahagaragara n’isosiyete yo mu Bwongereza SBB muri Mata 2006. Kugeza ubu, ikoreshwa gusa nk'ishingiro ryo gukemura ibicuruzwa biva mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ku bicuruzwa bya Singapore na Chicago, kandi nta ngaruka bigira ku isoko ry'ubucuruzi bw'icyuma. ubutare.Igipimo cy’ibiciro by’amabuye y’Ubushinwa cyashyizwe ahagaragara n’ishyirahamwe ry’inganda n’ibyuma by’Ubushinwa, Ubushinwa Minmetals itumiza mu mahanga n’Urugaga rw’Ubucuruzi rwohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga n’ishyirahamwe ry’inganda z’ubucukuzi n’amabuye y’Ubushinwa.Yashyizwe mu bikorwa mu igeragezwa muri Kanama 2011. Igipimo cy’ibiciro by’amabuye y’Ubushinwa kigizwe n’ibice bibiri: igipimo cy’ibiciro by’amabuye y’imbere mu gihugu hamwe n’ibipimo by’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, byombi bishingiye ku giciro cyo muri Mata 1994 (amanota 100).
Mu mwaka wa 2011, igiciro cy’amabuye y'agaciro yatumijwe mu Bushinwa yarenze US $ 190 / toni yumye, kikaba cyari hejuru cyane, kandi impuzandengo y’umwaka muri uwo mwaka yari US $ 162.3 / toni yumye.Nyuma yaho, igiciro cy’amabuye y'agaciro yatumijwe mu Bushinwa cyatangiye kugabanuka uko umwaka utashye, kigera ku ndunduro mu 2016, ikigereranyo cy’umwaka ugereranyije n’amadolari ya Amerika 51.4 / toni yumye.Nyuma ya 2016, igiciro cy’amabuye y'agaciro yatumijwe mu Bushinwa cyazamutse buhoro buhoro.Kugeza 2021, igiciro cyimyaka 3, igiciro cyimyaka 5 nigiciro cyimyaka 10 cyari 109.1 USD / toni yumye, 93.2 USD / toni yumye na 94,6 USD / toni yumye.