Mu 2019, ibyuma byakoreshejwe ku isi byari miliyari 1.89, muri byo ibyuma byakoreshejwe ku Bushinwa byari miliyoni 950, bingana na 50% by'ibicuruzwa byose ku isi. Mu 2019, ibyuma byakoreshejwe ku Bushinwa byageze ku rwego rwo hejuru cyane, kandi ibyuma byakoreshejwe ku muntu byageze kuri kilo 659. Dukurikije ubunararibonye bw'iterambere ry'ibihugu byateye imbere mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, igihe ibyuma byakoreshejwe ku muntu byageze kuri kilo 500, urwego rw'ibikoresho ruzagabanuka. Kubwibyo, birashoboka ko urwego rw'ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu Bushinwa rwageze ku rwego rwo hejuru, ruzinjirira mu gihe gihamye, kandi amaherezo icyifuzo kizagabanuka. Mu 2020, ibyuma byakoreshejwe ku isi hose byari miliyari 1.89 na miliyari 1.88. Ibyuma fatizo byakozwe mu mabuye y'icyuma nk'ibikoresho by'ibanze byari toni miliyari 1.31, byakoresheje toni miliyari 2.33 z'amabuye y'icyuma, ari munsi gato y'umusaruro wa toni miliyari 2.4 z'amabuye y'icyuma muri uwo mwaka.
Mu gusesengura umusaruro w'icyuma gikozwe mu icunga n'ikoreshwa ry'icyuma cyarangiye, icyifuzo cy'icyuma ku isoko gishobora kugaragara. Kugira ngo abasomyi basobanukirwe neza isano iri hagati y'ibyo bitatu, iyi nyandiko ikora isesengura rigufi ihereye ku bintu bitatu: umusaruro w'icyuma gikozwe mu icunga ku isi, ikoreshwa rigaragara n'uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro by'icyuma gikozwe mu icunga ku isi.
Umusaruro w'icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa kera ku isi
Mu 2020, umusaruro w’ibyuma bivangwa ku isi wari toni miliyari 1.88. Umusaruro w’ibyuma bivangwa n’ubutare byakozwe n’Ubushinwa, Ubuhinde, Ubuyapani, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Uburusiya na Koreya y’Epfo wabaye 56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% na 3.6% by’umusaruro wose ku isi, naho umusaruro wose w’ibyuma bivangwa n’ubutare byakozwe n’ibihugu bitandatu wabaye 77.5% by’umusaruro wose ku isi. Mu 2020, umusaruro w’ibyuma bivangwa ku isi wiyongereyeho 30.8% uko umwaka utashye.
Umusaruro w’ibyuma bivangwa n’ubutare mu Bushinwa mu 2020 ni miliyari 1.065. Nyuma yo kurenga toni miliyoni 100 ku nshuro ya mbere mu 1996, umusaruro w’ibyuma bivangwa n’ubutare mu Bushinwa wageze kuri toni miliyoni 490 mu 2007, wikubye inshuro zirenze enye mu myaka 12, aho impuzandengo y’izamuka ry’ubukungu rya 14.2%. Kuva mu 2001 kugeza 2007, igipimo cy’izamuka ry’ubukungu mu mwaka cyageze kuri 21.1%, kigera kuri 27.2% (2004). Nyuma ya 2007, bitewe n’ihungabana ry’ubukungu, imbogamizi z’umusaruro n’ibindi bintu, igipimo cy’izamuka ry’umusaruro w’ibyuma bivangwa n’ubutare mu Bushinwa cyagabanutse, ndetse cyagaragaje izamuka ribi mu 2015. Kubwibyo, bigaragara ko intambwe y’iterambere ry’icyuma n’icyuma mu Bushinwa ryihuta cyane, izamuka ry’umusaruro mu gihe kizaza ni rike, kandi amaherezo hazabaho izamuka ribi.
Kuva mu 2010 kugeza 2020, igipimo cy’ubwiyongere bw’umusaruro w’ibyuma bivangwa n’umuriro mu Buhinde cyari icya kabiri nyuma y’Ubushinwa, aho impuzandengo y’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka ya 3.8%; Umusaruro w’ibyuma bivangwa n’umuriro warenze toni miliyoni 100 ku nshuro ya mbere mu 2017, uba igihugu cya gatanu gifite umusaruro w’ibyuma bivangwa n’umuriro wa toni zirenga miliyoni 100 mu mateka, kandi warushije Ubuyapani mu 2018, uza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi.
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni cyo gihugu cya mbere gifite umusaruro wa toni miliyoni 100 z'ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa kera buri mwaka (toni zirenga miliyoni 100 z'ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa kera byagezweho bwa mbere mu 1953), bigera ku musaruro ntarengwa wa toni miliyoni 137 mu 1973, biza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi mu bijyanye n'umusaruro w'ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa kera kuva mu 1950 kugeza mu 1972. Ariko, kuva mu 1982, umusaruro w'ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa kera muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika waragabanutse, kandi umusaruro w'ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa kera muri 2020 ni toni miliyoni 72.7 gusa.
Ikoreshwa ry'ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bugaragara ku isi
Mu 2019, ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bivangwa ku isi ryari miliyari 1.89. Ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bivangwa ku isi mu Bushinwa, mu Buhinde, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, mu Buyapani, muri Koreya y’Epfo no mu Burusiya ryari 50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% na 2.5% by’ibicuruzwa byose ku isi. Mu 2019, ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bivangwa ku isi ryiyongereyeho 52.7% ugereranyije n’umwaka wa 2009, aho impuzandengo y’izamuka ry’umwaka rya 4.3%.
Ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bivangwa n’umuriro mu Bushinwa mu 2019 rigera kuri toni miliyari imwe. Nyuma yo gukoresha toni miliyoni 100 ku nshuro ya mbere mu 1993, ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bivangwa n’umuriro mu Bushinwa ryageze kuri toni zirenga miliyoni 200 mu 2002, hanyuma ryinjira mu gihe cy’izamuka ryihuse, rigera kuri toni miliyoni 570 mu 2009, ubwiyongere bwa 179.2% ugereranyije n’umwaka wa 2002 n’impuzandengo y’izamuka ry’umwaka rya 15.8%. Nyuma ya 2009, bitewe n’ihungabana ry’ubukungu n’impinduka mu bukungu, ukwiyongera k’ubukene kwaragabanutse. Ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bivangwa n’umuriro mu Bushinwa ryagaragaje izamuka ribi mu 2014 na 2015, kandi ryagarutse ku izamuka ryiza mu 2016, ariko izamuka ryaragabanutse mu myaka ya vuba aha.
Mu 2019, ubwinshi bw'ibyuma bikozwe mu ibumba mu Buhinde bwari miliyoni 108.86, buruta Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kandi buri ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi. Mu 2019, ubwinshi bw'ibyuma bikozwe mu ibumba mu Buhinde bwiyongereyeho 69.1% ugereranyije n'umwaka wa 2009, aho impuzandengo y'izamuka ry'ubukungu ku mwaka rya 5.4%, rikaba ari ryo rya mbere ku isi muri icyo gihe.
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi cyakoresheje ibyuma bitagira ingano birenga toni miliyoni 100, kandi kiza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi mu myaka myinshi ishize. Kubera ihungabana ry'ubukungu ryo mu 2008, ikoreshwa ry'ibyuma bitagira ingano muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryagabanutse cyane mu 2009, hafi 1/3 cy'ikoreshwa ry'ibyuma bitagira ingano muri 2008, toni miliyoni 69.4 gusa. Kuva mu 1993, ikoreshwa ry'ibyuma bitagira ingano muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryari munsi ya toni miliyoni 100 gusa mu 2009 na 2010.
Ikoreshwa ry'ibyuma bikozwe mu cyuma ku isi rigaragara ku muturage
Mu 2019, icyuma gikoreshwa cyane ku isi cyari kilogarama 245. Koreya y'Epfo ni yo yakoreshaga cyane icyuma gikoreshwa cyane (1082 kg / umuntu). Ibindi bihugu bikomeye bikoresha icyuma gikoreshwa cyane bifite agaciro gakomeye ku muntu ni Ubushinwa (659 kg / umuntu), Ubuyapani (550 kg / umuntu), Ubudage (443 kg / umuntu), Turukiya (332 kg / umuntu), Uburusiya (322 kg / umuntu) na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (265 kg / umuntu).
Inganda ni inzira abantu bahinduramo umutungo kamere mu mutungo rusange. Iyo umutungo rusange wiyongereye ku rwego runaka kandi inganda zigatangira mu gihe cy’iterambere, hazabaho impinduka zikomeye mu miterere y’ubukungu, ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bito n’amabuye y’agaciro y’ingenzi rizatangira kugabanuka, kandi umuvuduko w’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu nawo uzagabanuka. Urugero, ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bito kuri buri muntu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryakomeje kuba ku rwego rwo hejuru mu myaka ya 1970, rigera kuri kilo ntarengwa 711 (1973). Kuva icyo gihe, ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma bito kuri buri muntu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryatangiye kugabanuka, rigabanuka cyane kuva mu myaka ya 1980 kugeza mu myaka ya 1990. Ryagabanutse kugeza hasi (226kg) mu 2009 risubira inyuma buhoro buhoro rigera kuri kilo 330 kugeza mu 2019.
Mu 2020, abaturage bose hamwe b’Ubuhinde, Amerika y’Epfo na Afurika bazaba miliyari 1.37, miliyoni 650 na miliyari 1.29, ari na byo bizaba ari byo bizatera imbere cyane mu gihe kizaza, ariko bizaterwa n’iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’ibihugu bitandukanye icyo gihe.
Uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro by'amabuye y'agaciro ku isi
Uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro by'amabuye y'agaciro ku isi bukubiyemo ahanini ibiciro by'igihe kirekire byo guhuza amabuye y'agaciro n'ibiciro by'ibipimo. Ibiciro by'igihe kirekire byo guhuza amabuye y'agaciro byari uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gushyira ibiciro by'amabuye y'agaciro ku isi. Ishingiro ryabwo ni uko impande zo gutanga no gusaba amabuye y'agaciro zifunga ingano y'ibikoresho cyangwa ingano y'ibicuruzwa binyuze mu masezerano y'igihe kirekire. Muri rusange igihe ni imyaka 5-10, cyangwa ndetse n'imyaka 20-30, ariko igiciro ntikizwi. Kuva mu myaka ya 1980, igipimo cy'ibiciro cy'uburyo bwo gushyiraho ibiciro by'igihe kirekire cyarahindutse kuva ku giciro cya mbere cya FOB kijya ku giciro gikunzwe cyane hamwe n'imizigo yo mu mazi.
Uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro bw’igihe kirekire mu bijyanye n’ibiciro ni uko muri buri mwaka w’ingengo y’imari, abacuruza amabuye y’agaciro akomeye ku isi baganira n’abakiriya babo bakomeye kugira ngo bamenye igiciro cy’amabuye y’agaciro cy’umwaka utaha w’ingengo y’imari. Iyo igiciro kimaze kugenwa, impande zombi zigomba kugishyira mu bikorwa mu gihe kitarenze umwaka umwe hakurikijwe igiciro cyavuguruwe. Nyuma y’uko uruhande urwo ari rwo rwose rw’usaba amabuye y’agaciro n’uruhande urwo ari rwo rwose rw’utanga amabuye y’agaciro rugeze ku masezerano, ibiganiro bizarangira, kandi igiciro mpuzamahanga cy’amabuye y’agaciro kizarangira kuva icyo gihe. Ubu buryo bw’ibiganiro ni uburyo bwo "gutangira gukurikira icyerekezo". Igipimo cy’ibiciro ni FOB. Ubwiyongere bw’amabuye y’agaciro afite ubuziranenge bumwe ku isi yose ni bumwe, ni ukuvuga "FOB, kwiyongera kumwe".
Igiciro cy'amabuye y'agaciro mu Buyapani cyari cyiganje ku isoko mpuzamahanga ry'amabuye y'agaciro ho toni 20 mu 1980 kugeza 2001. Nyuma yo kwinjira mu kinyejana cya 21, inganda z'icyuma n'ibyuma mu Bushinwa zarateye imbere kandi zitangira kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku itangwa n'isabwa ry'amabuye y'agaciro ku isi. Umusaruro w'amabuye y'agaciro watangiye kudashobora kugera ku iterambere ryihuse ry'ubushobozi bwo gukora ibyuma n'ibyuma ku isi, kandi ibiciro by'amabuye y'agaciro ku isi byatangiye kuzamuka cyane, bishyiraho urufatiro rw'"igabanuka" ry'amasezerano y'igihe kirekire y'ibiciro.
Mu 2008, BHP, vale na Rio Tinto batangiye gushaka uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro bujyanye n'inyungu zabo bwite. Nyuma y'uko vale iganiriye ku giciro cya mbere, Rio Tinto yarwaniye ko cyongera ibiciro byonyine, maze icyitegererezo cyo "gukurikirana mbere" cyarasheshwe ku nshuro ya mbere. Mu 2009, nyuma y'uko inganda z'ibyuma zo mu Buyapani na Koreya y'Epfo zemeza "igiciro cyo gutangira" n'abacukuzi batatu bakomeye, Ubushinwa ntibwemeye igabanuka rya 33%, ahubwo bwumvikana na FMG ku giciro gito. Kuva icyo gihe, icyitegererezo cyo "gutangira gukurikira icyerekezo" cyararangiye ku mugaragaro, maze uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro butangira kubaho.
Kugeza ubu, ibipimo by'amabuye y'agaciro byasohotse ku rwego mpuzamahanga birimo Platts iodex, TSI index, mbio index na China iron ore price index (ciopi). Kuva mu 2010, Platts index yatoranijwe na BHP, Vale, FMG na Rio Tinto nk'ishingiro ry'ibiciro by'amabuye y'agaciro ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Iki gipimo cya mbio cyasohotse n'ikinyamakuru cy'Abongereza cy'ibyuma muri Gicurasi 2009, hashingiwe ku giciro cya 62% by'amabuye y'agaciro mu cyambu cya Qingdao, mu Bushinwa (CFR). Iki gipimo cya TSI cyasohotse na sosiyete y'Abongereza SBB muri Mata 2006. Kuri ubu, gikoreshwa gusa nk'ishingiro ryo kwishyurana kw'amabuye y'agaciro ku isoko rya Singapuru na Chicago, kandi nta ngaruka bigira ku isoko ry'ubucuruzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Iki gipimo cy'igiciro cy'amabuye y'agaciro mu Bushinwa cyashyizwe ahagaragara ku bufatanye n'Ishyirahamwe ry'Inganda z'Ibyuma n'Ibyuma by'Ubushinwa, Ishami ry'Ubucuruzi ry'Imyuga n'Iyoherezwa mu mahanga rya China Minmetals n'Ishyirahamwe ry'ibigo by'ubucuruzi bya Metallurgical and Mining Association. Byashyizwe mu igeragezwa muri Kanama 2011. Igipimo cy'ibiciro by'amabuye y'agaciro mu Bushinwa kigizwe n'ibipimo bibiri: igipimo cy'ibiciro by'amabuye y'agaciro yo mu gihugu n'igipimo cy'ibiciro by'amabuye y'agaciro atumizwa mu mahanga, byombi bishingiye ku giciro cyo muri Mata 1994 (amanota 100).
Mu 2011, igiciro cy'amabuye y'agaciro yatumijwe mu Bushinwa cyarenze amadolari y'Amerika 190 kuri toni yumye, kikaba cyari hejuru cyane, kandi igiciro cy'umwaka cy'uwo mwaka cyari amadolari y'Amerika 162.3 kuri toni yumye. Nyuma yaho, igiciro cy'amabuye y'agaciro yatumijwe mu Bushinwa cyatangiye kugabanuka umwaka ku wundi, kigera hasi mu 2016, aho igiciro cy'umwaka cyageraga ku madolari 51.4 kuri toni yumye. Nyuma ya 2016, igiciro cy'amabuye y'agaciro yatumijwe mu Bushinwa cyariyongereye buhoro buhoro. Mu 2021, igiciro cy'imyaka 3, igiciro cy'imyaka 5 n'igiciro cy'imyaka 10 byari 109.1 USD kuri toni yumye, 93.2 USD kuri toni yumye na 94.6 USD kuri toni yumye.