Ku ya 15 Werurwe, uburyo bwo kugenga imipaka ya karuboni (CBAM, izwi kandi nka EU tariff ya karuboni) bwemejwe mbere na mbere n'Inama y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi. Biteganyijwe ko bushyirwa mu bikorwa ku mugaragaro guhera ku ya 1 Mutarama 2023, bugashyiraho igihe cy'imyaka itatu y'inzibacyuho. Kuri uwo munsi, mu nama ya komite ishinzwe ubukungu n'imari (Ecofin) y'Inama y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, abaminisitiri b'imari bo mu bihugu 27 by'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi bemeje igitekerezo cy'u Bufaransa ku misoro ya karuboni, ubuyobozi bw'Inama y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi busimburana. Ibi bivuze ko ibihugu bigize Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi bishyigikiye ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki y'umusoro wa karuboni. Nk'igitekerezo cya mbere ku isi cyo guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere mu buryo bw'imisoro ya karuboni, uburyo bwo kugenga imipaka ya karuboni buzagira ingaruka zikomeye ku bucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Biteganijwe ko muri Nyakanga uyu mwaka, umusoro wa karuboni wa EU uzajya mu biganiro by'ibihugu bitatu hagati ya Komisiyo y'Uburayi, Inama y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Burayi. Nibigenda neza, inyandiko ya nyuma y'amategeko izemezwa.
Igitekerezo cy’ “umusoro ku ruhushya rwa karubone” nticyigeze gishyirwa mu bikorwa ku rugero runini kuva cyashyirwa ahagaragara mu myaka ya 1990. Bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko umusoro ku ruhushya rwa karubone rw’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi gishobora kuba umusoro wihariye ukoreshwa mu kugura uruhushya rwo gutumiza ibicuruzwa rwa EU cyangwa umusoro ku bicuruzwa byo mu gihugu utangwa ku bipimo bya karubone biri mu bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ari na kimwe mu by’ingenzi ku ntsinzi y’amasezerano mashya y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ku bijyanye n’ibidukikije. Dukurikije ibisabwa n’umusoro ku ruhushya rwa karubone rw’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi, kizasoresha imisoro ku byuma, sima, aluminiyumu n’ifumbire mvaruganda bitumizwa mu bihugu n’uturere dufite amategeko agenga ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Igihe cy’inzibacyuho cy’ubu buryo ni kuva mu 2023 kugeza mu 2025. Mu gihe cy’inzibacyuho, nta mpamvu yo kwishyura amafaranga ajyanye nabyo, ariko abatumiza ibicuruzwa bagomba gutanga ibyemezo by’ingano y’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, imyuka ihumanya ikirere n’imyuka ihumanya ikirere itaziguye, hamwe n’amafaranga ajyanye n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere yishyurwa n’ibicuruzwa biri mu gihugu byaturutsemo. Nyuma y’impinduka, abatumiza ibicuruzwa bazishyura amafaranga ajyanye n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere by’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Kuri ubu, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi wasabye ibigo gusuzuma, kubara no gutanga raporo ku kiguzi cy’ibicuruzwa ubwabyo. Ni izihe ngaruka ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’umusoro ku ruhushya rwa karubone rw’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi rizagira? Ni ibihe bibazo bibangamiye ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'imisoro ya karuboni mu muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi? Iyi nyandiko izasesengura muri make ibi.
Tuzihutisha iterambere ry'isoko rya karuboni
Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko hakurikijwe uburyo butandukanye n'imisoro itandukanye, gukusanya imisoro ya karuboni mu muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi bizagabanya ubucuruzi bwose bw'Ubushinwa n'Uburayi ku kigero cya 10% ~ 20%. Nk'uko Komisiyo y'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi yabiteganyaga, imisoro ya karuboni izana miliyari 4 z'amayero kugera kuri miliyari 15 z'amayero y'"inyongera" muri EU buri mwaka, kandi ikagaragaza ko izamuka ry'ubukungu buri mwaka mu gihe runaka. Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi uzibanda ku misoro ya aluminiyumu, ifumbire mvaruganda, ibyuma n'amashanyarazi. Bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi "uzasuka" imisoro ya karuboni mu bindi bihugu binyuze mu ngingo z'inzego, kugira ngo bigire ingaruka zikomeye ku bikorwa by'ubucuruzi by'Ubushinwa.
Mu 2021, ibicuruzwa by'icyuma byoherezwa mu mahanga mu bihugu 27 by'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi no mu Bwongereza byageze kuri toni miliyoni 3.184, ubwiyongere bw'umwaka ku mwaka bwa 52.4%. Dukurikije igiciro cya toni 50 z'amayero ku isoko rya karubone mu 2021, EU izashyiraho umusoro wa karubone wa miliyoni 159.2 z'amayero ku bicuruzwa by'icyuma byo mu Bushinwa. Ibi bizagabanya inyungu ku biciro by'ibicuruzwa by'icyuma byoherezwa mu Bushinwa. Muri icyo gihe, izateza imbere inganda z'ibyuma zo mu Bushinwa kugira ngo zihutishe umuvuduko wo gukura karubone no kwihutisha iterambere ry'isoko rya karubone. Bitewe n'ibisabwa by'ingenzi by'imimerere mpuzamahanga n'ubusabe nyakuri bw'ibigo by'Abashinwa bwo gusubiza mu buryo bufatika uburyo bwo kugenzura imipaka ya karubone muri EU, igitutu cy'ubwubatsi bw'isoko rya karubone mu Bushinwa gikomeje kwiyongera. Ni ikibazo kigomba gusuzumwa cyane kugira ngo hatezwe imbere inganda z'ibyuma n'ibyuma n'izindi nganda kugira ngo zishyirwe mu buryo bw'ubucuruzi bw'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Mu kwihutisha imirimo yo kubaka no kunoza isoko rya karuboni, kugabanya imisoro ibigo by’Abashinwa bigomba kwishyura mu kohereza ibicuruzwa ku isoko ry’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi nabyo bishobora kwirinda imisoro ikuba kabiri.
Guteza imbere ukwiyongera kw'ingufu zikomoka ku bidukikije
Dukurikije igitekerezo gishya cyafashwe, imisoro ya karuboni yo mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi yemera gusa igiciro cya karuboni gisobanutse, bizatera imbaraga nyinshi mu iterambere ry’ingufu zikomoka ku ngufu zihumanya ikirere mu Bushinwa. Kuri ubu, ntibiramenyekana niba EU yemera igabanuka ry’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ry’Ubushinwa (CCER). Niba isoko rya karuboni ryo mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ritemera CCER, icya mbere, bizaca intege ibigo by’Ubushinwa bigamije kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kugura CCER kugira ngo bivaneho ibiciro bya karuboni, icya kabiri, bizatera ibura ry’ibipimo bya karuboni n’izamuka ry’ibiciro bya karuboni, naho icya gatatu, ibigo bigamije kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bizaba byifuza gushaka gahunda zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku giciro gito zishobora kuziba icyuho cy’ibipimo. Hashingiwe ku iterambere ry’ingufu zisubira n’imikoreshereze ya politiki y’Ubushinwa yo “gukoresha karuboni ebyiri”, ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zisubira ibidukikije ryagaragaye ko ari amahitamo meza ku bigo bihangana n’imisoro ya karuboni yo mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi. Hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’ibikenewe n’abaguzi, ibi ntibizafasha gusa kunoza ubushobozi bw’ingufu zisubira gukoreshwa, ahubwo bizanashishikariza ibigo gushora imari mu gutanga ingufu zisubira.
Kwihutisha icyemezo cy'ibicuruzwa bifite karuboni nkeya na zero
Kuri ubu, ArcelorMittal, ikigo cy’i Burayi gishinzwe ibyuma, cyatangije icyemezo cy’icyuma cya karuboni nta karuboni binyuze muri gahunda ya xcarbtm, ThyssenKrupp yatangije blueminttm, ikirango cy’icyuma gitanga imyuka mike ya karuboni, Nucor steel, ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe ibyuma, cyatanze igitekerezo cy’icyuma cya karuboni nta karuboni, naho Schnitzer steel nayo itanga igitekerezo cya GRN steeltm, ibikoresho by’icyuma n’insinga. Mu rwego rwo kwihutisha ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya karuboni ku isi, ibigo by’imashini z’icyuma n’ibyuma byo mu Bushinwa Baowu, Hegang, Anshan Iron na steel, Jianlong, n’ibindi byagiye bitanga gahunda y’inzira yo kurwanya karuboni, bikomeza kujyana n’ibigo byateye imbere ku isi mu bushakashatsi ku bisubizo by’ikoranabuhanga, kandi biharanira kurenga.
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa nyaryo riracyafite imbogamizi nyinshi
Haracyari imbogamizi nyinshi ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa nyaryo ry’umusoro ku ruganda rw’ibihugu by’Uburayi rushinzwe karubone, kandi sisitemu yo gutanga igiciro cya karubone ku buntu izaba imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye ku kwemererwa kw’umusoro ku ruganda rw’ibikomoka kuri karubone. Mu mpera za 2019, ibigo birenga kimwe cya kabiri mu bucuruzi bw’ibikomoka kuri karubone mu muryango w’Uburayi biracyafite igiciro cya karubone ku buntu. Ibi bizabangamira ipiganwa kandi ntibihuye na gahunda y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi yo kugera ku ihame ryo kutagira karubone mu 2050.
Byongeye kandi, EU yizeye ko mu gushyiraho imisoro ya karuboni hamwe n’ibiciro bisa bya karuboni imbere ku bicuruzwa bisa biva mu mahanga, izaharanira guhuza n’amategeko agenga umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi, cyane cyane ingingo ya 1 (uburyo igihugu gifata neza) n’ingingo ya 3 (ihame ritavangura ibicuruzwa bisa) by’amasezerano rusange yerekeye imisoro n’ubucuruzi (GATT).
Inganda z'icyuma n'ibyuma ni zo nganda zifite imyuka ihumanya ikirere myinshi mu bukungu bw'inganda ku isi. Muri icyo gihe, inganda z'icyuma n'ibyuma zifite uruhererekane rurerure rw'inganda n'ingaruka zarwo ku bwinshi. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki y'imisoro ya karuboni muri uru rwego rihura n'imbogamizi zikomeye. Icyifuzo cya EU cyo "kwiyongera ku bidukikije no guhindura ikoranabuhanga" ni ukugira ngo habeho guhangana kw'inganda gakondo nk'inganda z'ibyuma. Mu 2021, umusaruro w'ibyuma bya karuboni mu muryango w'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi wari toni miliyoni 152.5, naho uw'Uburayi bwose wari toni miliyoni 203.7, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bwa 13.7% buri mwaka, bingana na 10.4% by'umusaruro wose w'ibyuma bya karuboni ku isi. Dushobora gutekereza ko politiki y'imisoro ya karuboni mu muryango w'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi irimo kugerageza gushyiraho uburyo bushya bw'ubucuruzi, gushyiraho amategeko mashya y'ubucuruzi yerekeye guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere n'iterambere ry'inganda, no guharanira kwinjizwa muri gahunda y'ubucuruzi ku isi kugira ngo igire akamaro kuri EU.
Mu by’ukuri, imisoro ya karuboni ni imbogamizi nshya mu bucuruzi, igamije kurinda ubutabera bw’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ndetse n’isoko ry’ibyuma by’i Burayi. Haracyari igihe cy’imyaka itatu mbere y’uko imisoro ya karuboni y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ishyirwa mu bikorwa. Haracyari igihe cy’ibihugu n’ibigo gushyiraho ingamba zo kurwanya. Imbaraga z’amategeko mpuzamahanga ku ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ziyongera cyangwa ntizigabanuke. Inganda z’Ubushinwa zizagira uruhare rugaragara muri gahunda y’iterambere ry’igihe kirekire. Ku bigo by’ibyuma n’ibyuma, ingamba nziza cyane ni ugufata inzira y’iterambere ry’ibidukikije n’iry’ibikomoka kuri karuboni nke, guhangana n’isano iri hagati y’iterambere no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere, kwihutisha impinduka mu ngufu zishaje n’izishya, guteza imbere ingufu nshya ku buryo bukomeye, kwihutisha iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rirengera ibidukikije no kunoza ipiganwa ry’isoko mpuzamahanga.