Ku ya 15 Werurwe, uburyo bwo kugenzura imipaka ya karubone (CBAM, izwi kandi ku izina rya EU ku giciro cya karubone) byemejwe mbere n’inama y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.Biteganijwe ko bizashyirwa mubikorwa kumugaragaro kuva 1 Mutarama 2023, hashyirwaho igihe cyinzibacyuho yimyaka itatu.Kuri uwo munsi, mu nama ya komite ishinzwe ubukungu n’imari (Ecofin) y’Inama y’Uburayi, abaminisitiri b’imari bo mu bihugu 27 by’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bemeje icyifuzo cy’amahoro ya karubone y’Ubufaransa, perezida w’inama y’Uburayi.Ibi bivuze ko ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bishyigikira ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki y’ibiciro bya karubone.Nk’icyifuzo cya mbere ku isi cyo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu buryo bw’amahoro ya karubone, uburyo bwo kugenzura imipaka ya karubone buzagira ingaruka zikomeye ku bucuruzi bw’isi.Biteganijwe ko muri Nyakanga uyu mwaka, igiciro cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi kizinjira mu cyiciro cy’imishyikirano y’ibihugu bitatu hagati ya Komisiyo y’Uburayi, Inama y’Uburayi n’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Uburayi.Niba bigenda neza, inyandiko yanyuma yemewe izemezwa.
Igitekerezo cy '“ibiciro bya karubone” ntabwo cyigeze gishyirwa mu bikorwa ku rugero runini kuva cyashyirwa ahagaragara mu myaka ya za 90.Bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko igiciro cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi gishobora kuba igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bikoreshwa mu kugura uruhushya rw’ibihugu by’Uburayi cyangwa umusoro ku bicuruzwa ukomoka mu gihugu wakwa ku karuboni y’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga, akaba ari rumwe mu rufunguzo rwo gutsinda neza icyatsi kibisi cy’Uburayi amasezerano.Dukurikije ibisabwa n’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, bizatanga imisoro ku byuma, sima, aluminium n’ifumbire mvaruganda bitumizwa mu bihugu no mu turere bifite aho bihuriye n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.Igihe cyinzibacyuho cyubu buryo ni kuva 2023 kugeza 2025. Mugihe cyinzibacyuho, nta mpamvu yo kwishyura amafaranga akwiranye, ariko abatumiza mu mahanga bakeneye gutanga ibyemezo byerekana ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ibyuka bihumanya ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bitaziguye, n’amafaranga ajyanye n’ibyuka bihumanya byishyurwa na ibicuruzwa mu gihugu bakomokamo.Nyuma yigihe cyinzibacyuho irangiye, abatumiza ibicuruzwa bazishyura amafaranga ajyanye no kohereza imyuka ya karubone ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga.Kugeza ubu, Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wasabye ibigo gusuzuma, kubara no gutanga raporo y'ibiciro bya karuboni y'ibicuruzwa byonyine.Ni izihe ngaruka ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amahoro ya karubone y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi?Ni ibihe bibazo byugarije ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amahoro ya karubone?Uru rupapuro ruzasesengura muri make ibi.
Tuzihutisha iterambere ryisoko rya karubone
Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko mu buryo butandukanye no ku gipimo cy’imisoro itandukanye, gukusanya imisoro ya karuboni y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bizagabanya ubucuruzi bw’Ubushinwa n’Uburayi ku 10% ~ 20%.Dukurikije ibyahanuwe na Komisiyo y’Uburayi, amahoro ya karubone azazana miliyari 4 z'amayero kuri miliyari 15 z'amayero y’inyongera y’inyongera mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi buri mwaka, kandi azagaragaza iterambere ryiyongera uko umwaka utashye mu gihe runaka.Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi uzibanda ku misoro kuri aluminium, ifumbire mvaruganda, ibyuma n’amashanyarazi.Bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi “uzasesagura” amahoro ya karuboni mu bindi bihugu binyuze mu ngingo z’inzego, kugira ngo bigire uruhare runini mu bucuruzi bw’Ubushinwa.
Mu 2021, Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu bihugu 27 by’Uburayi n’Ubwongereza byageze kuri toni miliyoni 3.184, umwaka ushize byiyongereyeho 52.4%.Ukurikije igiciro cy’amayero 50 / toni ku isoko rya karubone mu 2021, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi uzashyiraho umusoro wa karuboni ingana na miliyoni 159.2 z'amayero ku bicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa.Ibi bizagabanya kandi inyungu yibiciro by’ibicuruzwa by’Ubushinwa byoherezwa mu bihugu by’Uburayi.Muri icyo gihe, bizanateza imbere inganda z’ibyuma by’Ubushinwa kwihutisha umuvuduko wa decarbonisation no kwihutisha iterambere ry’isoko rya karubone.Bitewe n’ibisabwa mu rwego mpuzamahanga ndetse n’ibisabwa n’inganda z’Abashinwa kwitabira byimazeyo uburyo bwo kugenzura imipaka y’ibihugu by’Uburayi, igitutu cy’ubwubatsi ku isoko rya karubone mu Bushinwa gikomeje kwiyongera.Ni ikibazo kigomba gusuzumwa cyane kugirango giteze imbere mugihe cyinganda zicyuma nicyuma nizindi nganda zinjizwa muri sisitemu yubucuruzi bwangiza.Mu kwihutisha iyubakwa no kunoza isoko rya karubone, kugabanya umubare w’amahoro inganda z’Abashinwa zikeneye kwishyura mu kohereza ibicuruzwa ku isoko ry’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nazo zishobora kwirinda gusoreshwa kabiri.
Shishikarizwa gukura kw'icyatsi kibisi gikenewe
Dukurikije icyifuzo gishya cyemejwe, igiciro cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi cyemera gusa igiciro cya karubone kigaragara, kikazamura cyane izamuka ry’ingufu zikomoka ku bidukikije by’Ubushinwa.Kugeza ubu, ntibiramenyekana niba Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wemera ko igabanuka ry’imyuka y’igihugu mu Bushinwa (CCER).Niba isoko rya karubone y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ritemera CCER, icya mbere, bizaca intege inganda z’Ubushinwa zohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kugura CCER kugeza ku gipimo cya kabiri, icya kabiri, bizatera ikibazo cyo kubura ibipimo bya karubone no kuzamuka kw'ibiciro bya karubone, naho icya gatatu, bishingiye ku byoherezwa mu mahanga ibigo bizashishikarira kubona gahunda yo kugabanya ibyuka bihendutse bishobora kuzuza icyuho.Hashingiwe kuri politiki y’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu n’ibikoreshwa hifashishijwe ingamba z’ubushinwa “karuboni ebyiri”, gukoresha ingufu z’icyatsi byagaragaye ko ari amahitamo meza ku mishinga yo guhangana n’amahoro ya karubone y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.Hamwe n’ubwiyongere bukabije bw’ibikenerwa n’abaguzi, ibi ntibizafasha gusa kongera ubushobozi bw’imikoreshereze y’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, ahubwo bizanashishikariza imishinga gushora imari mu kongera ingufu z’amashanyarazi.
Kwihutisha icyemezo cyibicuruzwa bike bya karubone na zeru
Kugeza ubu, ArcelorMittal, uruganda rukora ibyuma by’i Burayi, rwatangije ibyemezo bya zeru bya zeru binyuze muri gahunda ya xcarbtm, ThyssenKrupp yashyize ahagaragara blueminttm, icyuma cyangiza imyuka ya karuboni nkeya, icyuma cya Nucor, uruganda rukora ibyuma muri Amerika, rwasabye econiqtm ya zero ya karubone, na Schnitzer ibyuma byasabye kandi GRN steeltm, akabari nibikoresho byinsinga.Mu rwego rwo kwihutisha ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uko kutabogama kwa karuboni ku isi, inganda z’ibyuma n’ibyuma by’Ubushinwa Baowu, Hegang, Anshan Iron n’ibyuma, Jianlong, n’ibindi zagiye zisohora igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibikorwa byo kutabogama, bikomeza kugendana n’ibigo byateye imbere ku isi mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe intambwe yikoranabuhanga ikemura, kandi uharanire kurenga.
Gushyira mubikorwa nyabyo biracyafite inzitizi nyinshi
Haracyari inzitizi nyinshi zibangamira ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amahoro ya karubone y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, kandi gahunda ya karubone y’ubusa izaba imwe mu mbogamizi nyamukuru zibangamira amategeko agenga ibiciro bya karubone.Mu mpera za 2019, kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibigo muri gahunda y’ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi biracyafite igipimo cya karubone ku buntu.Ibi bizagoreka amarushanwa kandi ntaho bihuriye na gahunda y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yo kugera ku kutabogama kwa karubone mu 2050.
Byongeye kandi, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi urizera ko mu gushyiraho amahoro ya karubone hamwe n’ibiciro by’imbere bya karubone ku bicuruzwa bisa n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga, bizihatira kubahiriza amategeko abigenga y’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi, cyane cyane ingingo ya 1 (kuvura igihugu gikunzwe cyane) n’ingingo ya 3 ( ihame ritavangura ibicuruzwa bisa) byamasezerano rusange kubiciro nubucuruzi (GATT).
Inganda zicyuma nicyuma ninganda zifite imyuka myinshi ya karuboni mu bukungu bwisi.Muri icyo gihe, inganda zicyuma nicyuma zifite urwego rurerure rwinganda kandi rukomeye.Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politiki y’ibiciro bya karubone muri uru ruganda rihura n’ibibazo bikomeye.Icyifuzo cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi cyo “kuzamura icyatsi no guhindura imibare” ahanini ni ukongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana mu nganda gakondo nk’inganda z’ibyuma.Mu 2021, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva mu bihugu by’Uburayi byari toni miliyoni 152.5, naho ibyo mu Burayi byose byari toni miliyoni 203.7, aho umwaka ushize byiyongereyeho 13.7%, bingana na 10.4% by’umusaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli ku isi.Twakwibwira ko politiki y’ibiciro by’ibihugu by’Uburayi nayo igerageza gushyiraho uburyo bushya bw’ubucuruzi, gushyiraho amategeko mashya y’ubucuruzi ajyanye no guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’iterambere ry’inganda, kandi duharanira kwinjizwa muri gahunda y’ubucuruzi ku isi kugira ngo bigirire akamaro Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi .
Muri rusange, ibiciro bya karubone ni inzitizi nshya y’ubucuruzi, igamije kurengera ubutabera bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ndetse n’isoko ry’ibyuma by’i Burayi.Haracyariho imyaka itatu yinzibacyuho mbere yuko EU yubahiriza ibiciro bya karubone.Haracyari igihe ibihugu ninganda zishyiraho ingamba zo guhangana.Imbaraga zihuza amategeko mpuzamahanga kubyerekeye imyuka ya karubone iziyongera gusa cyangwa ntigabanuke.Inganda z’ibyuma n’Ubushinwa zizagira uruhare rugaragara kandi buhoro buhoro uburenganzira bwo kuvuga ni gahunda y’iterambere rirambye.Ku nganda zicyuma nicyuma, ingamba zifatika ziracyari ugufata inzira yiterambere ryicyatsi na karuboni nkeya, guhangana nisano iri hagati yiterambere no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, kwihutisha ihinduka ryingufu za kera na kinetic nshya, guteza imbere ingufu nshya, kwihuta iterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryatsi no kuzamura ubushobozi bwisoko ryisi yose.